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რა არის ოსტეოპოროზი?

თარიღი: 24 ოქტომბერი, 2022

ოსტეოპოროზი მსოფლიოში ერთ-ერთი ყველაზე გავრცელებული დაავადებაა, რომელიც ძვლების დაზიანებას, დასუსტებას იწვევს. ხდება ძვლის მასის შემცირება და მოტეხილობების რისკის ზრდა.

ოსტეოპოროზის გამომწვევი მიზეზები:
ძვალი ყველაზე ძლიერი ახალგაზრდობის პერიოდშია, რადგან ხდება მისი მუდმივი განახლება. ასაკის მატებასთან ერთად ეს პროცესი ისე აღარ ბალანსდება და იზრდება ძვლის კარგვა, რაც ასაკთან ერთად ძვლის სიმკვრივის შემცირებას იწვევს. დასუსტებული ძვლები კი ადვილად მტვრევადი ხდება.

დაავადება განსაკუთრებით საყურადღებოა იმ ადამიანებისთვის, რომლებიც მაღალი რისკის ქვეშ იმყოფებიან.

რისკის ფაქტორებია:
• მოტეხილობა, გამოწვეული მცირე დაცემით ან დაზიანებით
• ჰორმონ წარმომქმნელი ჯირკვლების დაავადებები–როგორიცაა, ზედმეტად აქტიური თიროიდული ჯირკვალი (ჰიპერთიროიდიზმი)
• ისეთი წამლების ხანგრძლივი გამოყენება, რომლებიც გავლენას ახდენენ ჰორმონების დონეზე ან ძვლის სიძლიერეზე, მაგალითად, ორალური პრედნიზოლონი
• ქალებში, პოსტ-მენოპაუზის პერიოდი
• მოტეხილობები ანამნეზში ან ოსტეოპოროზული მოტეხილობის ოჯახური ისტორია
• კუჭ-ნაწლავის ტრაქტის დაავადებები: მალაბსორბცია, ცელიაკია, ნაწლავის ანთებითი დაავადებები, პანკრეასის დაავადებები, ქირურგიული ჩარევები (მათ შორის ბარიატრიული ქირურგია)
• ისეთი მედიკამენტების ხანგრძლივად მიღება როგორიცაა: გლუკოკორტიკოსტეროიდები (პრედნიზოლონი, დექსამეტაზონი); ანტიკოაგულანტები (ჰეპარინი); თირეოიდული ჰორმონები; ანტიკონვულსანტებით ხანგრძლივი დროის განმავლობაში თერაპია
• ენდოკრინული სისტემის დაავადებები: შაქრიანი დიაბეტი, თირეოტოქსიკოზი, პირველადი ჰიპერპარათირეოიდიზმი
• რევმატოიდული დაავადებები: რევმატოიდული ართრიტი, სისტემური წითელი მგლურა
• კვებითი დარღვევები: კალციუმის, D ვიტამინისა და ცილის შემცველი საკვების არასაკმარისი მოხმარება
• ნიკოტინის, ალკოჰოლისა და ყავის ჭარბი მოხმარება
• ნაკლები ფიზიკური აქტივობა

ოსტეოპოროზის სიმპტომები:
ოსტეოპოროზი ვითარდება ნელა და ხშირ შემთხვევაში არანაირი გამაფრთხილებელი ნიშანი, ან სიმპტომი არ ახლავს თან იქამდე, სანამ მსუბუქად დაცემა ან მოულოდნელად დაჯახება არ გამოიწვევს ძვლის მოტეხილობას. დახველებამ ან დაცემინებამ შესაძლოა გამოიწვიოს ნეკნის მოტეხილობა ან ხერხემლის ერთ–ერთი მალის სრული ან ნაწილობრივი კოლაფსი.

ოსტეოპოროზის ერთ-ერთი ნიშანი, დამახასიათებელი მოკუზული პოზაა, რაც ასაკოვან ადამიანში ვითარდება. ეს ხდება მაშინ, როდესაც ხერხემლის მალები მოტეხილია, რაც აძნელებს სხეულის წონის ატანას.

ყველაზე ხშირი დაზიანება ოსტეოპოროზის მქონე ადამიანებში არის:
• მაჯის მოტეხილობა
• მენჯის მოტეხილობა
• ხერხემლის მალების მოტეხილობები

ოსტეოპოროზის დიაგნოსტირება და მკურნალობა
ოსტეოპოროზის დიაგნოსტირების ოქროს სტანდარტად მიჩნეულია დენსიტომეტრია, რომელიც სპეციალური ტიპის რენტგენული სხივების საშუალებით ძვლის მინერალურ სიმკვრივეს განსაზღვრავს და ხდება მოტეხილობის რისკის შეფასება. ოსტეოპოროზის მკურნალობა მიმართულია მოტეხილობების თავიდან აცილებისა და ძვლის გაძლიერებისკენ. გადაწყვეტილება მკურნალობის ტიპის შესახებ, დამოკიდებულია იმაზე, თუ რამდენად დიდია მოტეხილობების რისკი. ეს კი დაფუძნებული იქნება დენსიტომეტრიის კვლევის შედეგზე.

ოსტეოპოროზის მკურნალობის დაგეგვმა სხვადასვა ფაქტორებზეა დამოკიდებული, მათ შორის, მნიშვნელოვანია:
• ასაკი
• ძვლის სიმკვრივე
• მოტეხილობის რისკ–ფაქტორები

ოსტეოპოროზის პრევენცია
მნიშვნელოვანია, რომ ადამიანებმა, რომლებიც ოსტეოპოროზის რისკის ქვეშ იმყოფებიან, გადადგან ნაბიჯები ძვლის სიჯანსაღის შესანარჩუნებლად და რისკის შესამცირებლად:
• რეგულარული ვარჯიში
• ჯანსაღი კვება
• ნიკოტინისა და ალკოჰოლის ჭარბი რაოდენობით მიღების შეწყვეტა