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ჩიყვი - სიმპტომები და დიაგნოსტიკა

თარიღი: 07 სექტემბერი, 2020

ენდოკრინული სისტემის დაავადებებიდან ერთ-ერთი ყველაზე გავრცელებულია ჩიყვი. მოსახლეობის დიდი ნაწილი ფარისებრი ჯირკვლის  ნებისმიერ დაავადებას ჩიყვს უწოდებს, თუმცა ტერმინი ჩიყვი ფარისებრი ჯირკვლის ზომაში გადიდებას ნიშნავს.

დაავადების სახეებისა და თავისებურებებზე, „ავერსის კლინიკის“ ენდოკრინოლოგი, თამარ მახარაძე გვესაუბრება:

ენდემური ჩიყვი - გამოწვეულია  იოდის დეფიციტით. ძირითადად გვხვდება ისეთ რეგიონებში სადაც  წყალში, ნიადაგში და საკვებ პროდუქტებში იოდის არასაკმარისი რაოდენობაა. აღსანიშნავია, რომ საქართველოში ასეთ გეოგრაფიულ არეალს განეკუთვნება ძირითადად მაღალმთიანი  რეგიონები.

იოდდეფიციტმა ბავშვებში შესაძლებელია ფიზიკური და გონებრივი განვითარების შეფერხება გამოიწვიოს, ასევე ხელს უშლის ორსულობის ნორმალურად მიმდინარეობას(შესაძლოა განვითარდეს ნაადრევი მშობიარობა, თვითნებური აბორტი, ნაყოფის პათოლოგიები).

რისკ  ჯგუფს მიეკუთვნებიან:
- ენდემურ ზონაში მცხოვრები ადამიანები
- პირები, ვისაც აქვს გენეტიკური წინასწარგანწყობა ფარისებრი ჯირკვლის დაავადებების მიმართ

დიფუზური ჩიყვი - ამ შემთხვევაში ფარისებრი ჯირკვალი ზომაში მნიშვნელოვნად გადიდებულია, შესაძლებელია მიმდინარეობდეს როგორც ნორმალური, ასევე დარღვეული ფუნქციის ფონზე.

კვანძოვანი ჩიყვის არსებობისას, ფარისებრ ჯირკვალში აღინიშნება კვანძოვანი წარმონაქმნები. ამ დროს ფარისებრი ჯირკვლის მოცულობა შეიძლება იყოს მომატებული, დაპატარავებული ან ნორმის ფარგლებში. კვანძოვანი ჩიყვი შესაძლებელია განვითარდეს როგორც ნორმალური, ასევე დარღვეული ფუნქციის ფონზე.

ფარისებრი ჯირკვლის დაავადებების სიმპტომები დამოკიდებულია მის  ფუნქციურ მდგომარეობაზე.

შესაძლოა განვითრდეს  ფარისებრი ჯირკვლი ფუნქციის გაძლიერება -ჰიპერთირეოზი, ან ფუნქციის დაქვეითება- ჰიპოთირეოზი.

ჰიპერთირეოზისთვის დამახასიეთებელია:
- საერთო სისუსტე
- ადვილად დაღლა
- ოფლიანობა
- წონის კლება
- ხელების კანკალი
- გულისცემის აჩქარება
- ნაწლავთა გახშირებული მოქმედება
- შფოთვა
- ემოციური ლაბილობა

ჰიპოთირეოზისთვის დამახასიათებელია:
- სისუსტე
- თმის ცვენა
- ფრჩხილების მტვრევადობა
- კანის სიმშრალე
- ძილიანობა
- მეხსიერების გაუარესება
- წონის მატება
- ყაბზობა
- შეშუპება

ჩიყვის სადიაგნოსტიკო მეთოდია ფარისებრი ჯირკვლის ულტრაბგერითი კვლევა, რომლის საშულებითაც ხდება მისი ზომებისა და იმ სტრუქტურული ცვლილებების(ზომა, ფორმა ექოგენობა, კვანძების რაოდენობა) გამოვლენა, რომლებიც აღინიშნება ფარისებრი ჯირკვლის სხვადასხვა პათოლოგიის დროს. საეჭვო კვანძის დიაგნოსტირების შემთხვევაში ტარდება წვრილნემსიანი ასპირაციული ბიოფსია, მიღებული მასალის ციტოლოგიური კვლევა.

ფარისებრი ჯირკვლის  დაავადებების მიხედვით ხდება  ფარისებრი ჯირკვლის ფუნქციური მდგომარეობის შეფასება - ჰორმონებისა და ანტისხეულების განსაზღვრა სისხლში.